![]() The minimal criteria include being plastic adherent, expressing specific surface markers, and capable of in vitro differentiation into adipocyte, chondrocyte, and osteoblast lineages. The International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy refers MSCs as a bulk population with notable secretory, immunomodulatory, and homing properties. ![]() Recommended treatment options range from non-care currently limited to pain control and merely improve the regeneration of articular cartilage in KOA.Ĭell-based therapy and novel approaches using mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) or exosomes secreted by MSCs are presented as alternative cell-based sources to chondrocytes, which show potential for cartilage regeneration in KOA. Nonetheless, chondrocytes constitute only 2% of cartilage volume and may the first be activated by inflammatory signals originating from synovium or subchondral bone, which alter the balance between synthesis and degradation of ECM and cause the limited potential for self-regeneration of articular cartilage. Extracellular matrix (ECM) produced and secreted by chondrocytes and synovial fluid secreted by fibroblast-like synoviocytes are the two main important substances to maintain the microenvironment. Microenvironmental and genetic factors interact during deterioration that ultimately leads to degeneration of articular cartilage, intraarticular inflammation with synovitis, and changes in subchondral bone. The pathogenesis of KOA is complicated, not only associated with the “wear and tear,” which is called mechanical stress. Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is the most prevalent subtype of osteoarthritis that shows symptoms with pain, swell, stiffness, and loss of mobility mainly in the aging and obese populations. Global percentage change of years lived with disability in counts between 20 was 31.5%. ![]() Osteoarthritis is a common and disabling condition that represents substantial health and socioeconomic costs with notable implications for the individuals affected and healthcare systems.
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